Method and system for mitigating the effects of a transmitted blocker and distortions therefrom in a radio receiver

ABSTRACT

Noise caused by and leaking from a transmit signal into a radio-frequency (RF) receive path signal is reduced by forwarding the transmit signal to a first filter or a digital processor and DAC, scaling the transmit signal and approximating the noise, subtracting first and second corrective signals from the RF receive path signal, down-converting a resulting corrected RF receive path signal, filtering the down-converted corrected signal in a second filter, up-converting the filtered corrected signal to create the first corrective signal, and up-converting the filter or DAC output signal to create the second corrective signal. The transmit signal may come from an output of an RF power amplifier, and may be down-converted prior to filtering in the first filter or processing in the digital processor. The second filter may be a series filter or a shunt filter. A radio includes the circuits to perform the above method.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of the following application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/080,604, entitled “Method and System for Mitigating the Effects of a Transmitted Blocker and Distortions Therefrom in a Radio Receiver”, filed on Nov. 14, 2013, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/726,523, entitled “Method and System for Mitigating the Effects of a Transmitted Blocker and Distortions Therefrom in a Radio Receiver”, filed on Nov. 14, 2012, which are hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in full in this application for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of radio communication systems and methods and systems for improving the quality of received signal by reducing the portion of other signals that are leaked into the receive signal path and/or removing the associated intermodulation products that fall into or near the receive band.

BACKGROUND

A conventional frequency division duplex (FDD) radio system transmits a signal on one frequency band while simultaneously receiving another signal on another frequency band. The context is illustrated in FIG. 2a-2b for communication between two radios.

FIG. 2a illustrates two radios: Radio-A 210 and Radio-B 230. Radios 210 and 230 each contain an associated transmitter 211, 231 and receiver 212, 232, respectively. If Radio-A 210 is upstream or closer to the central office station than Radio-B 230, then the signal transmitted from Radio-A 210 and received by Radio-B 230 is called the downlink (DL) signal 220. Similarly, in such a case, the signal transmitted from Radio-B 230 and received by Radio-A 210 is called the uplink (UL) signal 240. One illustrative context includes Radio-A 210 in a base station and Radio-B 230 in a mobile device, such as a mobile phone.

FIG. 2b illustrates key aspects of a frequency spectrum 250 in an FDD system such as drawn in FIG. 2a . The DL signal band 260 and UL signal band 280 occupy disjoint but not necessarily contiguous frequency bands. FIG. 2b illustrates the DL band 260 as being lower in frequency than the UL band 280, but those skilled in the art understand that that need not be the case in general.

Generally, there is also an inactive or unused portion of the spectrum between the DL band 260 and UL band 280 called the guard band (GB) 270. Because radio signals cannot be perfectly confined to a frequency band, i.e. they leak energy outside their prescribed band, the GB 270 serves to reduce the impact of leakage as the strongest leakage is typically closest to the signal's main band. However, as is known in the art, even with the use of a GB, the amount of isolation is finite and some degree of leakage always exists.

The basic elements of a radio 100 are shown in FIG. 1 and may apply to either Radio-A 210 or Radio-B 230 of FIG. 2A.

For the sake of clarity and without loss of generality, the remainder of the document will describe all radios as if they were the upstream Radio-A 210 that is transmitting a DL signal 220 and receiving an uplink signal 240, but it is obvious to those skilled in the art that the description could be equally applied to downstream Radio-B 230.

In the example of FIG. 1, digital data is encoded and modulated into a baseband or low intermediate-frequency (IF) waveform and output in digital form from the baseband transmitter (BB Tx) 110 to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 120 which converts the digital signal into a continuous-time analog baseband or low IF waveform. The output of DAC 120 is then shifted up in frequency or up-converted by an up-converting mixer 130. The up-converting mixer 130 modulates the baseband output of DAC 120 up to the carrier frequency in the DL band 260 as set by local oscillator 135. The radio-frequency (RF) output of the up-converting mixer 130 is then amplified by one or more amplifiers including a dedicated power amplifier (PA) 140. The PA output drives one portion 151 of a duplexer 150 to an antenna 155. Filter 151 in the duplexer 150 serves to attenuate transmitted signal components outside the desired transmit or DL band 260 while maintaining the signal strength within the transmit or DL band 260. The antenna 155 radiates the transmit or DL signal 220 electromagnetically to another radio.

In the example of FIG. 1, the receiver portion of radio 100 works in a similar manner but in reverse. In particular, antenna 155 receives a radio signal 240 in the receive or UL band 280 and filters that with a filter 152 in the duplexer 150. Filter 152 in the duplexer 150 serves to attenuate signal components outside the receive or UL band 280 while preserving the strength of the signal within the receive or UL band 280. The output of filter 152 in the duplexer 150 is fed to a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 160 to amplify the signal. The output of LNA 160 is then down-converted from the receive or UL band 280 to baseband by the down-converting mixer 170 where the amount of frequency down-conversion is controlled by the frequency of local oscillator 175. The low-IF or baseband signal output by the down-converting mixer 170 is quantized by the receiver analog-to-digital converter 180 to form a digital representation of the baseband or low-IF signal which is then passed to the baseband receiver (BB Rx) 190 for demodulation and decoding.

Finite isolation in the duplexer filters 151, 152 and nonlinear characteristics of various radio components such as but not limited to the up-converting mixer 130, PA 140, duplexer 150, antenna 155, LNA 160, down-converting mixer 170, and ADC 180 can lead to the transmitted DL signal corrupting or reducing the signal fidelity of the received UL signal. Some of these impairments will be described with the aid of FIGS. 3-6 illustrating the signal spectrum at various points in the signal path.

FIG. 3 illustrates a signal spectrum 300 of the transmitted signal such as may be observed at the output of the PA 140.

In the example transmitted DL band 260, there reside a plurality (four are drawn but there may be more or fewer) of channels 310 a-d carrying data at a prescribed transmit power level 320. An undesired, but practically unavoidable, artifact of the transmitted channels 310 are intermodulation (IM) products 340. The third order IM products 340 a and 340 b are closest in frequency to the DL band 260, followed by the fifth order IM products 340 c and 340 d, then the seventh order IM products 340 e and 340 f, and so on. The received UL band 280 will often overlap with the frequency of one or more of these IM products, and hence, the received UL signal 240 is subject to being distorted by these IM products. For that reason, communications standards such as CDMA, GSM, LTE, and others, will specify a minimum adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) defining the ratio of the power 320 of the intended transmit DL signal to the maximum power 330 from any of the IM products 340 to limit the amount of distortion.

If the spectrum 300 in FIG. 3 were that of the PA 140 output, then the effect of the filter 151 in the duplexer 150 is illustrated in FIG. 4 showing the spectrum of the resulting transmit DL signal at the antenna 155.

In this example, the duplexer transmit filter 151 has little effect on the intended transmit signal 310 in the transmit DL band 260, but signal components outside the transmit DL band 260 are attenuated. Consequently, the IM products 340 have now been attenuated to lower levels shown by the smaller IM products 440 a-f.

Spectrum 500 in FIG. 5 similarly illustrates the signal spectrum of the received signal at the output of the duplexer receive filter 152.

In this example, the duplexer receiver filter 152 is configured to pass signals in the received UL band 280 unabated. Thus, the offending IM product in this band (drawn as the fifth IM product 440 d) is unaffected along with the desired received signal 550 received off the air from the antenna 155. Other signal components outside the received UL band 280 have been attenuated in this example, such as the transmitted DL signal 510 and the other IM products 540 a-c, e, f.

Spectrum 600 in FIG. 6 illustrates the example signal as it may be after the LNA 160 or down-converting mixer 170, or ADC 180.

In this example, nonlinear behavior in any of these elements will tend to increase the levels of the transmitted signal IM products 640 a-f due to intermodulation since the transmitted signal 510 is typically the strongest signal component even after all filtering in the duplexer 150. Of particular concern is that the level of the IM product in the receive UL band 280 may increase, and consequently, degrade the signal to interference ratio (a measure of signal fidelity) of the received signal 550 to the interferer 640 d.

As is well understood by those skilled in the art, radio systems (especially consumer mobile devices) are increasing their data capacity and consequently demanding more stringent signal fidelity. A common limitation in radio systems is the fidelity of the received signal from a distant device and, in particular, its corruption by leaked interference as described above. The present invention addresses this interference in multiple means to (i) reduce the leaked transmit blocker 510 a-d in the receive path and (ii) reduce the offending IM product(s) 640 in the received UL band 280 from nonlinear components in the transmit and receive paths.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the invention reduce the deleterious effect of a leaked transmit signal on a received radio signal and improve the signal fidelity of a received radio signal by employing a canceling down-converting mixer (CDM) in the receive path prior to sampling an analog receive path signal to remove leakage noise from a digitized receive path signal.

In an embodiment, noise caused by and leaking from a transmit signal into a radio-frequency (RF) receive path signal is approximated by forwarding the transmit signal to a first filter or to a digital processor and DAC, and scaling the transmit signal. In the CDM, the embodiment subtracts first and second corrective signals from the RF receive path signal, down-converts a resulting corrected RF receive path signal, filters the down-converted corrected signal in a second filter, up-converts the filtered corrected signal to create the first corrective signal, and up-converts the filter or DAC output signal to create the second corrective signal. An embodiment may take the transmit signal may from an output of an RF power amplifier, and may down-convert it prior to filtering it in the first filter or processing in the digital processor. The second filter may be a series filter or a shunt filter.

Further embodiments may include a radio with the circuits to perform the above method.

A further understanding of the nature and the advantages of particular embodiments disclosed herein may be realized by reference of the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described with reference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional FDD radio;

FIGS. 2a-2b illustrate a system in which two frequency-division duplex (FDD) radios communicate using an example frequency spectrum including a guard band;

FIGS. 3-6 illustrate example signal spectrums showing various sources of noise and distortion;

FIGS. 7a-7b illustrate radio systems including canceling down-converting mixers according to embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 8a-8c illustrate example canceling down-converting mixers according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example cancellation block according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates a radio utilizing digital pre-distortion in the transmit path which is suitable for use with embodiments of the invention; and

FIGS. 11a and 11b illustrate radio systems including canceling down-converting mixers and adjacent channel leakage cancellation according to embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention may employ one or more of the following corrective aspects to reduce the deleterious effect of a leaked transmit signal on a received radio signal and improve the signal fidelity of a received radio signal.

FIG. 7a illustrates a radio system 700 a that reduces leakage and intermodulation noise according to an embodiment of the invention. System 700 a is similar to that of system 100 in FIG. 1.

However, system 700 a replaces the conventional down-converting mixer 170 of FIG. 1 with a cancelling down-converting mixer (CDM) 770. As shown in FIG. 7a , system 700 a directs a copy of an analog transmit signal at the output of DAC 120 through filter 725 to the CDM 770. CDM 770 replicates the blocker signal 510 a-d arising from the transmitted signal 310 leaked through duplexer 150, and subtracts the replicated blocker signal from a receive path signal to improve the fidelity of the received signal. In this embodiment, filter 725 modifies the analog copy of the transmit signal to create an approximation of the leakage noise introduced into the radio receive path by the radio transmit path. Filter 725 may comprise an amplifier and/or one or more delay elements to implement functionality, for example amplification, scaling, phase delaying, pole-zero filtering, and other operations known in the art. The output of filter 725 is then sent to the CDM 770. The CDM 770 reduces the leakage noise included in a receive signal by subtracting the filter's 725 approximation of leakage noise from the receive path signal.

In an alternate embodiment, a digital version of the transmit signal may be processed in the digital domain to construct an approximation of the actual leakage noise. FIG. 7b illustrates a radio system 700 b that reduces leakage and intermodulation noise according to an embodiment of the invention. System 700 b is similar to that of system 700 a in FIG. 7a . However, system 700 b directs a digital version of the transmit signal to digital processing block 771. Like filter 725 in system 700 a digital processing block 771 uses the transmit signal to construct an approximation of the leakage noise introduced into the receive path. Digital processing block 771 may comprise digital multiplications (for amplification or attenuation) and/or digital delays to implement filtering operations, for example signal scaling, linear phase adjustment, finite impulse response (FIR) filtering, infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering, and other operations known in the art. DAC 772 converts the leakage approximation to the analog domain, suitable for use in CDM 770.

A second change in systems 700 a and 700 b from system 100 is the addition of the adjacent channel leakage canceler (ACL) block 785 after the ADC 180. The ACL canceler block 785 serves to replicate the nonlinear intermodulation (IM) products 640 a-f arising from the transmitted DL signal 310 as the latter goes through various nonlinear components and to subtract the replicated IM products from the receive path signal to improve the signal fidelity of the received UL signal 240.

FIG. 8a and FIG. 8b show two embodiments of the canceling down-converting mixer, 770 a and 770 b, used by systems 700 a and 700 b. In the embodiment 770 a illustrated in FIG. 8a , the leakage approximation signal 803 is up-converted by up-converting mixer/multiplier 820, controlled by local oscillator 135, which may optionally be the same as local oscillator 175. Subtractor 830 subtracts the resulting signal 805 in the RF domain from the RF receive signal 801, which may be an output signal of LNA 160. CDM 770 a filters the results with filter 840 and then down-converts the filtered signal to intermediate frequency or baseband by mixer/multiplier 810, which is driven by local oscillator 175. In alternative embodiments, filter 840 may be positioned before subtracter 830 or it may be omitted. An advantage of the embodiments 770 a is that the leaked transmit signal in DL band 260 is reduced prior to mixer/multiplier 810, which due to its nonlinear nature is a potential generator of IM noise.

FIG. 8b shows a simpler configuration 770 b of the canceling down-converting mixer. CDM 770 b receives a receive path signal 801. Mixer 810 mixes the receive path signal 801 with a local oscillator signal 175 to create a baseband or IF receive path signal. Optional filter 840 then processes the down-mixed receive path signal. CDM 770 b then subtracts a leakage approximation signal 803 from this receive path signal.

The CDMs 770 a and 770 b both have the advantage that their output signal 804 has a significantly reduced transmit blocker from DL channel 260, significantly enhancing the dynamic range of the desired receive signal at the input of analog-to-digital converter 180, thereby much reducing the requirements and cost for this ADC.

Embodiments of the CDM may further include aspects of a bandpass mixer, such as from U.S. Pat. No. 8,798,570 B2. A bandpass mixer is an architecture for a mixer that provides an integrated filter function, which for the purposes of this document may be a bandpass filter or any other type of filter. The characteristics of the integrated filter are transformed from a band of low frequencies, for instance baseband or intermediate frequencies, to a band of RF frequencies such as seen for desired and undesired input signals of the bandpass mixer architecture. This transformation may be a simple frequency shift, such that steep filter characteristics that are available easily at low frequencies now become available at RF frequencies. If the frequency shift is obtained through the use of a multiplier and local oscillator, then the RF filter characteristics of the bandpass mixer can be tightly controlled. If the same local oscillator is used for down-converting the bandpass mixer input signal and up-converting (shifting) the filter characteristics, then the bandpass mixer can achieve accurately tracking narrowband RF filtering.

Combining the aspects of a canceling down-converting mixer and a bandpass mixer will make a canceling bandpass mixer, or CBP, an embodiment 770 c of which is shown in FIG. 8c . The CBP, for instance by utilizing a sharply frequency-dependent input impedance, allows for reducing the leaked transmit signal 510, without impacting the desired receive signal 550. This could for instance be a controlled frequency-dependent input impedance for gm-type LNAs that output current (rather than voltage) as a signal. By presenting a nominal load at frequencies in the received UL band 280, these signal components (e.g. received UL signal 550) pass unimpeded. But by also presenting a significantly lower impedance closer to 0 ohms at frequencies outside the received UL band 280, these signal components (e.g. the leaked transmit blocker 510 a-d) are significantly attenuated.

The receiver local-oscillator 175 can be used to up-convert this reconstructed transmit signal up to RF within the CBP mixer. This is illustrated in FIG. 8c . In an embodiment, CBP mixer system 770 c shows transconductance (gm) cells 850 and 860 coupled with mixer/multipliers 855 and 865, in such a way that the input signal 801 is propagated in a loop, through gm cell 850, whose output signal 851 is coupled with down-converting mixer 855, whose output signal 804 is coupled with up-converting mixer 865. The output signal 861 of up-converting mixer/multiplier 865 is coupled with gm cell 860, whose output signal 862 (a current) subtracts from input signal 801. The signal 804 meets filter 840, which could be coupled in shunt (as shown), or in series, or a combination thereof. Up-converting mixer/multiplier 875 converts signal 803 from baseband or IF to RF frequencies, and injects the reconstructed transmit signal 880 into either gm cells 850 (signal 880 b), gm cell 860 (signal 880 a), or directly into the input (signal 880 c), subtracting it from the current delivered by the LNA into input 801. All three mixer/multipliers 855, 865, and 875 are driven by local oscillator 175. In an alternative embodiment, mixer/multiplier 875 could be driven by local oscillator 135. The IF or baseband output signal 804 can be taken from the signal input of mixer/multiplier 865.

In embodiments, the reconstruction signal 880 can be injected in one of the gm cells 850 or 860 on the gate in a common-gate design, or it can be injected on the source in a common-source design, or it could be injected directly into the LNA 160 output and CBP mixer 770 input 801. The reconstructed transmit blocker will need to be aligned in both phase and amplitude with the leaked blocker 510 in order to reduce the impact of the latter. The delay can for instance be controlled with delays, for instance in filter 725 or digital processing block 771 prior to the reconstruction DAC 772. The amplitude can for instance be controlled by amplifiers in filter 725, or multiplications in digital processing block 771, or by adjusting the gain of the reconstruction DAC 772. The control of both the delay and gain can be achieved by observing the residual leaked transmitted blocker at any point after the CBP mixer 770 and decorrelating the residual error with the baseband transmit signal and delay versions thereof.

As discussed above, embodiments of the invention include an adjacent channel leakage canceler (ACL) block to replicate the nonlinear intermodulation (IM) products arising from the transmitted DL signal 310 as the latter goes through various nonlinear components and to subtract the replicated IM products from the receive path signal to improve the signal fidelity of the received UL signal. The operation and inventive aspects of an embodiment of ACL cancellation block 785 can be more clearly understood with the illustration of FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of cancellation block 785. This embodiment of cancellation block 785 includes two inputs: (i) the digitized corrupted received signal from the ADC 180 and (ii) the digital baseband or low-IF transmit signal (denoted as x[n]) which could come from the baseband transmitter 110. The cancellation block 785 includes a nonlinear basis function generator 910. Nonlinear basis function generator 910 receives the digital baseband transmit signal x[n] 905 and outputs a plurality (three are illustrated) of linearly delayed and/or nonlinear basis functions 920 a-c derived from the digital sequence x[n]. Embodiments of the invention may use a variety of functions, including the multiplication of the digital sequence x[n] (or a derivative thereof) by a complex exponential to account for the difference in frequency between the carrier frequency of the downlink channel and the uplink channel.

In one illustrative embodiment, the basis functions could be selected from those from a Volterra series expansion, e.g. a subset of functions with the following pattern:

$\begin{matrix} {\quad\begin{matrix} {{x\lbrack n\rbrack},} & {{x\left\lbrack {n - 1} \right\rbrack},} & {{x\left\lbrack {n - 2} \right\rbrack},} & \ldots & {{x\left\lbrack {n - M} \right\rbrack},} \\ {{{x\lbrack n\rbrack}^{\bigwedge}2},} & {{{x\lbrack n\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {n - 1} \right\rbrack}},} & {{{x\lbrack n\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {n - 2} \right\rbrack}},} & \ldots & {{{x\lbrack n\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {n - M} \right\rbrack}},} \\ {{{x\left\lbrack {n - 1} \right\rbrack}^{\bigwedge}2},} & {{{x\left\lbrack {n - 1} \right\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {n - 2} \right\rbrack}},} & \; & \ldots & {{{x\left\lbrack {n - 1} \right\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {n - M} \right\rbrack}},} \\ \ldots & \; & \; & \; & \; \\ {{{x\left\lbrack {n - K} \right\rbrack}^{\bigwedge}2},} & {{{x\left\lbrack {n - K} \right\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {n - K - 1} \right\rbrack}},} & \; & \ldots & {{x\left\lbrack {n - K} \right\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {n - M} \right\rbrack}} \end{matrix}} & \; \end{matrix}$

for a Volterra series with polynomial order K and memory order M. Besides Volterra series, the nonlinear basis functions could be based on, for instance, Legendre polynomials. A variety of other nonlinear basis functions could be used without deviating from the scope of the invention.

Each of the basis functions 920 a-c output from the generator 910 are then scaled with a multiplication operation 930 a-c. Amplifiers 930 are drawn to illustrate the multiplication for simplicity, but in practice this could be implemented as a digital multiplication operation. The scaled basis functions are then summed (for example using a digital summation operation illustrated with summation node 940 a) to generate the replica signal 950 modeling the negative of the intermodulation products 640 a-f. This replica signal 950 can then be added to the output 960 from the ADC 180 to yield an improved received signal 970 which is then provided to the baseband receiver 190. In a further embodiment, the summation operations 940 a and 940 b are combined into a single summation operation where signal 950 would not explicitly exist.

The multiplication factor for each of the multiplications 930 a-c can be adaptively controlled by corresponding control blocks 980 a-c. Each control block 980 can take as input its corresponding basis function 920 and the improved received signal 970 as shown in FIG. 9. Then comparing these two signals, it can be determined whether the current scaling is (i) appropriate, (ii) too small and hence needs to be increased, or (iii) too large and hence needs to be decreased. One such means to implement this control block is with least-means-squares (LMS) control or one of its well-known variants. In such a case, the two inputs to control block 980 are effectively correlated and the associated multiplication factor is adjusted in the opposite direction of the correlation until the correlation is zero.

FIG. 10 illustrates a conventional radio system 1000 utilizing digital pre-distortion (DPD) in the transmit path. System 1000 observes the output of the power amplifier (PA) 140 with a sensor 1012 and down-converts the sensed PA output with down-converting mixer 1013, which is controlled by local oscillator 135. DPD ADC 1014 samples the output of the DPD down-converting mixer 1013 and sends the digitized down-converted PA output to the DPD block 1011 included in baseband transmitter block 1010. The DPD block 1011 introduces pre-distortion components into the baseband transmitter output so that the overall output of the PA 140 has an improved ACLR.

Further embodiments of the invention may combine systems 700 a and 700 b with the digital predistortion (DPD) aspects shown in system 1000. FIG. 11a and embodiment 1100 a illustrate one such combination. In this example, a transmit signal 1102 from the output of mixer 1013 is sent to filter 725 to construct an approximation of the leakage noise and then sent to CDM 770.

Additionally, the sensed PA output signal, after down-converting and digitizing, is provided to the canceler block 785 input x[n] 905 from the output of DPD ADC 1014. Such an input would be advantageous in that if the DPD is working well, then the PA output has a very good ACLR with negligible intermodulation products. Thus, the canceler block 785 need only model the distortions introduced by the antenna 155, LNA 160, CBP mixer 770, and ADC 180.

Alternatively, embodiments of the invention may include a DPD system 1100 b as illustrated in FIG. 11b . As with FIG. 7b , this embodiment allows for digitally processing the transmit blocker 310 a-310 d in module 771 and converting it to analog in DAC 772 prior to offering it to CDM/CBP 770. In this embodiment, both the leakage noise approximation and the ACL cancellation signal are generated from a down-converted and digitized version of the sensed PA output signal taken from the output of DPD ADC 1014.

It will be understood that the invention disclosed and defined in this specification extends to all alternative combinations of two or more of the individual features mentioned or evident from the text or drawings. All of these different combinations constitute various alternative aspects of the invention.

Although the description has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, these particular embodiments are merely illustrative, and not restrictive. For instance, many of the operations can be implemented on a printed card board PCB using off-the-shelf devices, in a System-on-Chip (SoC), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), programmable processor, or in a programmable logic device such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), obviating a need for at least part of the dedicated hardware. All such variations and modifications are to be considered within the ambit of the present invention the nature of which is to be determined from the foregoing description.

Any suitable technology for manufacturing electronic devices can be used to implement the circuits of particular embodiments, including bipolar, JFET, MOS, NMOS, PMOS, CMOS, BiCMOS, HBT, MESFET, FinFET, etc. Different semiconductor materials can be employed, such as silicon, germanium, SiGe, GaAs, InP, graphene, etc. Circuits may have single-ended or differential inputs, and single-ended or differential outputs. Terminals to circuits may function as inputs, outputs, both, or be in a high-impedance state, or they may function to receive supply power, a ground reference, a reference voltage, a reference current, or other. Although the physical processing of signals may be presented in a specific order, this order may be changed in different particular embodiments. In some particular embodiments, multiple elements, devices, or circuits shown as sequential in this specification can be operating in parallel.

Particular embodiments or parts of an embodiment may be implemented in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, system, or device. Particular embodiments can be implemented in the form of control logic in software, firmware, hardware or a combination of those. The control logic, when executed by one or more processors, may be operable to perform that which is described in particular embodiments. For example, a tangible medium such as a hardware storage device can be used to store the control logic, which can include executable instructions.

It will also be appreciated that one or more of the elements depicted in the drawings/figures can also be implemented in a more separated or integrated manner, or even removed or rendered as inoperable in certain cases, as is useful in accordance with a particular application. It is also within the spirit and scope to implement a program or code that can be stored in a machine-readable medium to permit a computer to perform any of the methods described above.

As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, “a”, “an”, and “the” includes plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Thus, while particular embodiments have been described herein, latitudes of modification, various changes, and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosures, and it will be appreciated that in some instances some features of particular embodiments will be employed without a corresponding use of other features without departing from the scope and spirit as set forth. Therefore, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the essential scope and spirit. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for reducing leakage noise occurring in a receive path of a radio system, the method comprising the following steps: (a) forwarding a transmit signal from a transmit path of the radio system to a first filter, wherein the transmit signal is either in a baseband frequency range or in a low intermediate frequency range; (b) scaling the transmit signal using the first filter; and (c) forwarding the scaled transmit signal to a canceling down-converting mixer (CDM) in the receive path, wherein the CDM comprises circuitry to: (i) subtract a first corrective signal from a radio-frequency (RF) receive path signal; (ii) subtract a second corrective signal from the RF receive path signal, wherein the second corrective signal includes an approximation of a blocker being caused by and leaking from the transmit signal, and wherein subtracting the second corrective signal results in canceling at least a portion of the blocker; (iii) down-convert a resulting corrected RF receive path signal; (iv) filter the down-converted corrected signal in a second filter; (v) up-convert the filtered corrected signal to create the first corrective signal; and (vi) up-convert the scaled transmit signal to create the second corrective signal.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmit signal includes a digital signal, the method further comprising converting the digital signal to analog prior to canceling at least a portion of the blocker.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmit signal includes a signal from an output of a power amplifier, and wherein forwarding the scaled transmit signal further comprises down-converting the transmit signal.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second filter is a series filter.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second filter is a shunt filter. 